WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:06.960 We pass now to the conference from Esperanza Macarena Rodenas Perea, 00:00:07.160 --> 00:00:14.400 from the University Pablo Olavi de Sevilla, who will talk to us about 00:00:14.401 --> 00:00:21.020 Harbours of Kings, individual and collective dedication of royal sanctuary 00:00:21.021 --> 00:00:25.280 in Lower Egyptian port during the Greco-Roman period. 00:00:48.420 --> 00:00:49.960 Well, good morning, everyone. 00:00:50.080 --> 00:00:53.700 First of all, thank you for the organizing committee for giving me the honor of being 00:00:53.701 --> 00:00:59.280 here with such a distinguished public and also incredible colleagues. 00:00:59.700 --> 00:01:02.552 And so statues of rulers were a common sight in 00:01:02.553 --> 00:01:05.060 the harbor areas of Hellenistic and Roman Egypt. 00:01:05.519 --> 00:01:08.466 The focus of this paper will be to analyze the royal 00:01:08.467 --> 00:01:11.020 statuary found in harbors in Lower Egyptian ports. 00:01:11.380 --> 00:01:12.380 Oops. 00:01:13.280 --> 00:01:14.076 Finish. 00:01:14.100 --> 00:01:15.100 Okay. 00:01:29.770 --> 00:01:34.150 So the focus of this paper will be to analyze the royal statuary found in 00:01:34.151 --> 00:01:37.930 harbors in Lower Egyptian ports, And who were, if we can track them down, 00:01:38.090 --> 00:01:39.090 its dedicators. 00:01:39.230 --> 00:01:43.390 By analyzing the collective and individual people involved in the dedication of royal 00:01:43.391 --> 00:01:47.610 and imperial statues in ports at the Egyptian Delta, this paper will examine 00:01:47.611 --> 00:01:52.750 possible continuities and transformations, the motivations and meanings behind such 00:01:52.751 --> 00:01:57.410 actions, and ultimately how these initiatives contributed to creating, 00:01:57.650 --> 00:02:02.410 reinforcing, or even rejecting a semantic landscape of royal and imperial power. 00:02:03.330 --> 00:02:06.111 First, let's take a panoramic view of ruler statues 00:02:06.112 --> 00:02:08.169 found in Delta harbors in the Ptolemaic period. 00:02:08.470 --> 00:02:11.070 The most significant example is, of course, Alexandria. 00:02:11.770 --> 00:02:15.610 The Ptolemies furnished with seal all of Alexandria by filling it with buildings, 00:02:15.830 --> 00:02:17.889 temples, and sculptures, becoming the 00:02:17.890 --> 00:02:20.270 admiration of those who visited back in the day. 00:02:20.930 --> 00:02:24.010 Undoubtedly, all these temples and buildings, as well as palaces and other 00:02:24.011 --> 00:02:26.950 parts of the city, were filled with images of the rulers. 00:02:27.490 --> 00:02:32.590 In the area surrounding the old Pharaoh's Island, over there, six colossal statues 00:02:32.591 --> 00:02:36.870 of the Ptolemies dressed in Egyptian fashion were found, which, for a sandwich, 00:02:37.030 --> 00:02:41.090 it could be a sign of a temple dedicated to the kings located within the island. 00:02:41.510 --> 00:02:45.490 The templar statues will be situated in the most conspicuous place to make sure 00:02:45.491 --> 00:02:49.290 that ships arriving to and departing from Alexandria will see the statues. 00:02:49.630 --> 00:02:53.505 In addition, a seated life group made by Amun, 00:02:53.506 --> 00:02:56.850 Ptolemy II, and Arsinoe II was found within the area. 00:02:57.010 --> 00:03:01.210 A hieroglyphic description located in the statue group mentions, royal cult 00:03:01.211 --> 00:03:04.910 activities, particularly images, shemu, of Arsinoe 00:03:04.911 --> 00:03:07.350 to be used in processions in honor to the queen. 00:03:08.230 --> 00:03:11.290 Separating the western harbor from the main harbor was the Hephaestus Stadion 00:03:11.291 --> 00:03:13.697 Embankment, so that little bridge over there, which 00:03:13.698 --> 00:03:15.910 connected Pharaoh's Island to the rest of the city. 00:03:16.170 --> 00:03:20.610 Right in front of it, a temple dedicated to Isis, Serapis, Ptolemy IV, and Arsinoe 00:03:20.611 --> 00:03:24.010 as cohabitators of the temple, which would undoubtedly hold the statues, 00:03:24.150 --> 00:03:25.170 was erected there. 00:03:25.770 --> 00:03:30.730 Still close to the harbor, but a little bit further inland, we find the 00:03:30.731 --> 00:03:34.510 Alexandrian Serapion, which also contained statues of the king, and we have found 00:03:34.511 --> 00:03:37.510 actually colossal sphinxes of Ptolemaic kings. 00:03:38.070 --> 00:03:41.630 All these statues were characterized by being dressed in Egyptian fashion, 00:03:41.770 --> 00:03:45.350 but with Greek hairstyle, being of high quality, and made of granite. 00:03:45.810 --> 00:03:48.239 Aside from Alexandria, colossal statues of the 00:03:48.240 --> 00:03:50.170 Ptolemies have been found in its surroundings. 00:03:50.450 --> 00:03:55.750 At Hadra, an eastern inland suburb of Alexandria, a colossal granite dyad, 00:03:55.770 --> 00:03:59.830 perhaps, of Ptolemy XII, a sosiris, and Isis, was also found there. 00:04:00.510 --> 00:04:04.370 Statues were also found in the westernmost part of the delta, at Thonis Heracleion, 00:04:04.470 --> 00:04:07.499 a harbor city really close to Canopus, where two colossal 00:04:07.500 --> 00:04:10.810 statues of a Ptolemaic king and queen have been found. 00:04:11.550 --> 00:04:15.610 Canopus itself was a site of an important call dedicated to the Ptolemies, 00:04:15.690 --> 00:04:19.108 and both temples and statues of the rulers were found 00:04:19.109 --> 00:04:21.570 here in a similar style to its Alexandrian counterparts. 00:04:22.410 --> 00:04:26.230 Statues of life-sized and colossal statues in Greek and Egyptian fashion, 00:04:26.350 --> 00:04:30.890 made in granite, quarsite, and limestone, of medium-low quality, were found at 00:04:30.891 --> 00:04:33.610 Canopus, though their exact location is unknown. 00:04:34.290 --> 00:04:38.390 Stanwy considers that they could have all served as entry landmarks of native 00:04:38.391 --> 00:04:43.910 temples dedicated to Osiris, Amun, as well as objects of worship within royal temples. 00:04:44.350 --> 00:04:48.230 To illustrate this, the Canopus decree specifies that priests gather in the 00:04:48.231 --> 00:04:52.050 temple of the living Ptolemy III and Wernicke II, located in the city. 00:04:52.410 --> 00:04:56.990 This decree deals with the dedication and procession of statues in temples of 00:04:56.991 --> 00:04:59.050 different ranks throughout Egypt, so it is 00:04:59.051 --> 00:05:01.150 likely that this also took place at Canopus. 00:05:01.470 --> 00:05:05.850 Last but not least, a temple was dedicated to Arsinoe II, Arsinoe Aphrodite, 00:05:05.890 --> 00:05:09.190 at Cape Sephiron, a promontory near Canopus. 00:05:09.610 --> 00:05:13.930 Within the temple, a statue of metal of the queen was apparently suspended on air, 00:05:14.010 --> 00:05:18.250 according to Pliny, and Arsinoe Aphrodite soon became an apotropaic deity of 00:05:18.251 --> 00:05:22.530 sailors, who would pay worship to the queen in exchange for safe travels at sea. 00:05:23.150 --> 00:05:27.230 Statues have also been found in the rest of Delta Harbor cities, though we cannot 00:05:27.231 --> 00:05:30.110 know for sure if they were located within the harbors themselves. 00:05:31.150 --> 00:05:35.610 These statues are of high quality, of a smaller size, and made entirely of granite. 00:05:35.870 --> 00:05:38.327 None of them include Greek features, as opposed 00:05:38.328 --> 00:05:40.390 to the statues found at Canopus at Alexandria. 00:05:40.890 --> 00:05:45.210 The most significant finds are three statues from Tannis, a river town close to 00:05:45.211 --> 00:05:49.070 Pelusium, Egypt's eastern border, where Ptolemy IV, after the Battle of 00:05:49.071 --> 00:05:53.070 Raphia, dedicated a temple to Mut, Khonsu, and the divine couples from 00:05:53.071 --> 00:05:58.670 Ptolemy II to Ptolemy IV, as cohabitors of the temple. 00:05:58.950 --> 00:06:02.761 And also, an early temple treasure hoard from Tuchel Karamus 00:06:02.762 --> 00:06:05.850 also included statues of bronze and gold of the kings. 00:06:08.210 --> 00:06:11.050 Ptolemaic evidence is a little bit frustrating regarding this matter, 00:06:11.150 --> 00:06:14.890 because unlike in Roman times, from which many statue bases have been 00:06:14.891 --> 00:06:18.270 preserved bearing inscriptions with information about the dedicators, 00:06:18.430 --> 00:06:22.810 we have very few examples from the Ptolemaic period, making it difficult to 00:06:22.811 --> 00:06:27.190 determine with certainty who was responsible for dedicating statues in harbor areas. 00:06:27.210 --> 00:06:31.790 However, given the accounts that explicitly state that the dedications of 00:06:31.791 --> 00:06:36.210 certain temples and statues were founded by the royal family itself, it is 00:06:36.211 --> 00:06:38.970 reasonable to assume that a large portion of these 00:06:38.971 --> 00:06:41.010 statues were commissioned by royal initiative. 00:06:41.510 --> 00:06:45.170 Temples such as those of Atannis, dedicated to the Ptolemies by Ptolemy IV, 00:06:45.430 --> 00:06:48.950 or the Serapion, commissioned by Ptolemy III, were royal initiatives. 00:06:49.070 --> 00:06:53.690 But of course, it is difficult to claim for certain that all those statues founded 00:06:53.691 --> 00:06:55.970 within these temples had been dedicated by the Ptolemies. 00:06:55.971 --> 00:07:00.350 Given that literary sources, though, mention that Ptolemy II ordered the 00:07:00.351 --> 00:07:04.630 construction of temples and statues of his parents, and for his sister-wife, 00:07:04.830 --> 00:07:08.990 Arsinoe II, when she was deified, it is highly likely that a large portion 00:07:08.991 --> 00:07:12.750 of the statues in the Alexandrian entourage were commissioned by the kings 00:07:12.751 --> 00:07:15.769 themselves, who maybe they did not have the need to 00:07:15.770 --> 00:07:19.010 include a dedication stating that they were the dedicators. 00:07:19.190 --> 00:07:23.190 This was not only limited to Alexandria, but also elsewhere in the Delta. 00:07:23.610 --> 00:07:25.950 There are perhaps two cases. 00:07:28.730 --> 00:07:33.570 Positippus of Pella, a Greek poet from the early 3rd century BCE, wrote an epigram 00:07:33.571 --> 00:07:36.218 about the supreme commander of Ptolemies II's 00:07:36.219 --> 00:07:39.230 Alexandrian fleet, the Nauarch Callicrates of Samos. 00:07:39.550 --> 00:07:42.490 Callicrates was a figure very close to the royal family. 00:07:42.690 --> 00:07:47.750 In fact, not only did he dedicate temples to the Ptolemies both inside and outside 00:07:47.751 --> 00:07:52.450 Egypt, but he was also responsible for founding the temple of Arsinoe Aphrodite 00:07:52.451 --> 00:07:56.910 at Cape Cephiron in Alexandria, and also became the first eponymous priest 00:07:56.911 --> 00:08:00.530 of the dynastic call dedicated to Alexander and the Theoria del Foy. 00:08:00.990 --> 00:08:05.010 This temple was dedicated, as I said, to sailors, but also maidens, and as 00:08:05.011 --> 00:08:07.198 Spliny the Elder wrote sometime later, it might 00:08:07.199 --> 00:08:09.650 have contained a metal statue suspended in the air. 00:08:10.350 --> 00:08:14.490 Positippus does not mention any statue in his epigrams, but we know that Callicrates 00:08:14.491 --> 00:08:20.230 dedicated the statues in honor of the Ptolemies in other cities, both outside Egypt. 00:08:20.310 --> 00:08:23.590 So it will not be unreasonable to consider that maybe this was his work too. 00:08:23.591 --> 00:08:27.890 However, Spliny the Elder knows that the architect Timochares, by the orders of 00:08:27.891 --> 00:08:32.169 Ptolemy II, began vaulting the temple ceiling to ensure that the statue appeared 00:08:32.170 --> 00:08:35.020 to be suspended in mid-air, but that this project was 00:08:35.021 --> 00:08:37.809 interrupted by the deaths of both the king and the architect. 00:08:38.049 --> 00:08:42.690 So perhaps this initial order to erect the statue came from Ptolemy II rather than 00:08:42.691 --> 00:08:46.730 Callicrates, or perhaps it was a mix of both intentions. 00:08:47.370 --> 00:08:52.970 There's another example at Tabenen, really close to Sois, another Egyptian 00:08:52.971 --> 00:08:59.310 port in the Middle East, in the Delta, where Synerges, a person, an official 00:08:59.311 --> 00:09:05.590 related to the royal family Aristonikos, dedicated a statue of Amun and himself at 00:09:05.591 --> 00:09:10.067 the temple in order so as to, according to some 00:09:10.068 --> 00:09:13.170 scholars, to glorify the Ptolemaic dynasty. 00:09:13.630 --> 00:09:19.830 But we don't know if only he erected statues of Amun and himself, but also when 00:09:19.831 --> 00:09:22.517 he tried to glorify the Ptolemaic dynasty, he also 00:09:22.518 --> 00:09:24.370 may have included the statues of the Ptolemies. 00:09:24.410 --> 00:09:25.086 We cannot know. 00:09:25.110 --> 00:09:28.170 But otherwise, we do not know who commissioned the rest of the statues. 00:09:28.430 --> 00:09:31.990 The idea that Hellenistic statues in the Alexandrian area were the responsibility 00:09:31.991 --> 00:09:36.850 of the king or only the Hellenized elite as opposed to a purely Egyptian statue, 00:09:37.710 --> 00:09:41.750 perhaps commissioned by an Egyptian elite from the Pelusian branch, strikes me as a 00:09:41.751 --> 00:09:44.266 little bit problematic because the Greco-Egyptian artisans 00:09:44.267 --> 00:09:47.190 worked together and combined both styles perfectly. 00:09:47.350 --> 00:09:51.690 And the distinction between purely Greek and Egyptian elites in the Ptolemaic 00:09:51.691 --> 00:09:53.486 dynasty, in the Ptolemaic period, is artificial. 00:09:53.510 --> 00:09:57.410 However, it might not be fair-fetched to think that at least in the case of those 00:09:57.411 --> 00:10:02.390 Egyptian-style statues dedicated to the worship of a traditional deity or to the 00:10:02.391 --> 00:10:06.070 Ptolemies in Egyptian temples, the priests could have participated in the 00:10:06.071 --> 00:10:08.890 dedication of statues, as stated in the Canopus Decree. 00:10:10.530 --> 00:10:14.510 The same phenomenon continued and even intensified during the Roman period. 00:10:14.830 --> 00:10:19.130 We also find a great many imperial statues from Alexandria in the Egyptianizing 00:10:19.131 --> 00:10:24.450 style, or classical style, but their original locations are unknown. 00:10:24.670 --> 00:10:29.450 Most are vast, heads have figures, some larger than size, some colossal, 00:10:29.550 --> 00:10:32.170 and some are reworking of Ptolemaic portraits. 00:10:32.590 --> 00:10:39.530 Within the great harbor, the Caesarean Sebastion of Alexandria was built close to 00:10:39.531 --> 00:10:43.510 the shore, only a few blocks from where the temples of Isis, Serapis, Ptolemy IV, 00:10:43.750 --> 00:10:45.370 and Arsinoe used to stand. 00:10:45.610 --> 00:10:48.870 The Sebastion was dedicated to Caesar Epipaterius, and there is a whole debate 00:10:48.871 --> 00:10:53.210 on the origin, who was the Caesar, if Julius Caesar or Augustus, as a 00:10:53.211 --> 00:10:55.915 protector of navigation, assuming roles similar 00:10:55.916 --> 00:10:58.350 to those previously held by Arsinoe Aphrodite. 00:10:58.890 --> 00:11:03.150 Philo of Alexandria describes how the Sebastion was a huge complex filled with 00:11:03.151 --> 00:11:05.811 statues, and indeed many imperial statues have been 00:11:05.812 --> 00:11:09.250 found in the area between the Caesarean and Cape Locius. 00:11:09.950 --> 00:11:14.030 These statues were dressed in Roman attire, either with the toga or the Roman cuiras. 00:11:14.430 --> 00:11:21.170 However, a statue found underwater, this one over there, near the Caesarean 00:11:21.171 --> 00:11:24.704 with an emes, was identified by Cleopatra VII by 00:11:24.705 --> 00:11:28.650 some authors, but also as Augustus by other authors. 00:11:28.810 --> 00:11:32.893 So if it was the case of an statue of Augustus, we will also 00:11:32.894 --> 00:11:35.990 find Egyptianizing statues of Roman emperors at this area. 00:11:36.650 --> 00:11:39.176 Within Alexandrian harbors, columns were found and 00:11:39.177 --> 00:11:42.230 an explanate where the anti-Rodos island used to be. 00:11:42.350 --> 00:11:46.090 So you cannot see in the map, but it's like right up here. 00:11:46.091 --> 00:11:47.091 The palace quarter. 00:11:48.730 --> 00:11:50.789 And so the anti-Rodos island was located 00:11:50.790 --> 00:11:53.430 between the Poesidian Peninsula and Cape Locius. 00:11:53.530 --> 00:11:56.515 And according to Strabo, this island had during 00:11:56.516 --> 00:11:59.110 the Ptolemaic period royal palaces and harbors. 00:11:59.250 --> 00:12:02.970 So we can presume that Ptolemaic statues will have also been erected there. 00:12:03.670 --> 00:12:07.810 For the Roman period, seven red granite columns, which would have, assumedly, 00:12:07.910 --> 00:12:10.298 supported this imperial status, dedicated 00:12:10.398 --> 00:12:12.570 to Commodus and Caracalla, were found here. 00:12:12.770 --> 00:12:14.290 And we know who were the dedicators. 00:12:14.750 --> 00:12:17.265 But unfortunately, we cannot know for sure, again, if 00:12:17.266 --> 00:12:20.210 these statues were located within the shore of the island. 00:12:20.830 --> 00:12:24.990 Also preserved in Alexandria is the famous column of Diocletian, which marked the 00:12:24.991 --> 00:12:27.350 spot where the Serapion is believed to have stood. 00:12:27.490 --> 00:12:32.390 And close to that column, remains of a seven-meter tall Porphyria statue was 00:12:32.391 --> 00:12:35.438 found, which could have been probably of the emperor, given 00:12:35.439 --> 00:12:39.010 the importance that Porphyria had for imperial statuary. 00:12:39.770 --> 00:12:44.090 The source, however, that most explicitly attests to the custom of placing statues 00:12:44.091 --> 00:12:48.811 at the countries, entrances and harbors, is Papyrus London, 00:12:48.812 --> 00:12:52.050 1912, which preserves Claudius' letter to the Alexandrians. 00:12:52.430 --> 00:12:56.930 Claudius allows the placement of the tetrapolon, quadrigar, likely of his own 00:12:56.931 --> 00:13:01.930 person, at the country's entry points, the northeastern border, Taposiris, 00:13:02.070 --> 00:13:06.590 sorry, the northwestern border, Taposiris, the northeastern border, 00:13:06.810 --> 00:13:11.790 Pelusium, and the main point of entry, Via Alexandria, Pharos, where we saw that 00:13:11.791 --> 00:13:14.030 a significant number of Ptolemaic statues have survived. 00:13:14.610 --> 00:13:17.850 Claudius' letter does not again specify whether those quadrigari were driven by 00:13:17.851 --> 00:13:21.690 the emperor himself, but I believe this is very likely, since the letter is part of a 00:13:21.691 --> 00:13:26.290 whole series of dedications and statuary honors dedicated to the emperor. 00:13:27.490 --> 00:13:32.450 Claudius' letter also mentions a temple to Augustus at Canopus, where really small 00:13:32.451 --> 00:13:35.193 imperial statues made of local materials have been 00:13:35.194 --> 00:13:37.530 found, along with a head attributed to Vespasian. 00:13:38.290 --> 00:13:41.890 Finally, a significant number of inscriptions, most likely base statues 00:13:41.891 --> 00:13:43.835 dedicated by soldiers, come from Nicopolis, 00:13:43.836 --> 00:13:46.030 the military camp situated close to Alexandria. 00:13:46.470 --> 00:13:49.059 These inscriptions were dedicated to Antoninus Pius, 00:13:49.139 --> 00:13:52.790 Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, Caracalla, among others. 00:13:53.150 --> 00:13:54.897 But it's true that there are inscriptions, so we 00:13:54.898 --> 00:13:56.970 don't know for sure if they were statue bases. 00:13:57.610 --> 00:14:01.350 Imperial statues of uncertain origin have been found scattered throughout the delta, 00:14:01.530 --> 00:14:04.650 some in Sois, Mendes, and the temple of Amun in Tannis. 00:14:05.170 --> 00:14:08.450 Almost all these statues lack Egyptianizing features, rather they 00:14:08.451 --> 00:14:12.330 reflect a classic Hellenistic style, except for a statue of Caracalla in the 00:14:12.331 --> 00:14:15.190 pharaonic style, found at the temple of Benebeget in Mendes. 00:14:15.750 --> 00:14:17.578 Unfortunately, again, we cannot know for sure if 00:14:17.579 --> 00:14:19.539 these statues were located within the Herber area. 00:14:21.810 --> 00:14:24.550 The accounts from the Roman period regarding the types of people who 00:14:24.551 --> 00:14:27.170 commissioned imperialist statues are a little bit more revealing. 00:14:28.730 --> 00:14:32.650 First, we have the emperor, even though if Claudius is allowing his statues, 00:14:32.690 --> 00:14:38.810 or his quadrigae, to be displayed at the entrance of the country, and this was 00:14:38.811 --> 00:14:42.310 probably an initiative that came from the Alexandrian elite, he is allowing this 00:14:42.311 --> 00:14:45.590 statue, this position, and this play, to happen. 00:14:46.170 --> 00:14:48.430 But also we find high-ranking Roman officials. 00:14:48.610 --> 00:14:52.590 One of the bases is that the angry anti-Rodos island was dedicated to 00:14:52.591 --> 00:14:55.890 Commodus by the prefect, but the name of the emperor appears erased. 00:14:56.590 --> 00:15:00.090 And seeing how the prefect always saw dedicated monuments, columns of the 00:15:00.091 --> 00:15:04.690 Sebastian and Alexandria, perhaps some of those imperial statues were also his doing. 00:15:05.390 --> 00:15:08.370 But then we find the Roman and Alexandrian elite. 00:15:08.590 --> 00:15:10.849 Claudius later states that he permits the construction 00:15:10.850 --> 00:15:12.810 of quadrigae along the country's entrances. 00:15:12.970 --> 00:15:15.592 But this must be understood that this stemmed from 00:15:15.593 --> 00:15:17.673 an initiative that came from the Alexandrian embassy. 00:15:18.190 --> 00:15:20.502 In addition, the columns found at anti-Rodos island 00:15:20.503 --> 00:15:22.910 were dedicated by the Romans and the Alexandrians. 00:15:23.330 --> 00:15:24.870 Romaioi cae Alexandreis. 00:15:25.130 --> 00:15:28.410 According to the editors of the Supplementum, this group would have not 00:15:28.411 --> 00:15:32.590 been composed of Roman citizens on the one hand, and Alexandrian citizens on the 00:15:32.591 --> 00:15:35.650 other, but rather of all the Roman citizens living in Alexandria. 00:15:36.030 --> 00:15:38.157 Although they believe that if such were the case, maybe 00:15:38.158 --> 00:15:42.270 the inscription would have said, Romaioi oi en Alexandreia. 00:15:42.550 --> 00:15:47.690 If that is the case, it made more sense that they were distinct groups, 00:15:47.850 --> 00:15:53.610 that they were Alexandrians and Romans, who received Roman citizenship and were 00:15:53.611 --> 00:15:55.590 seeking to highlight their place of origin. 00:15:56.210 --> 00:15:59.190 In any case, the dating of these inscriptions is interesting, since the 00:15:59.191 --> 00:16:03.430 most recent one was dedicated in CE 201, before the Constituto Antoniniana. 00:16:03.590 --> 00:16:11.230 But the last one was dated to 213, one year after, the edict had been promoted. 00:16:11.750 --> 00:16:15.390 Roman citizenship would have applied by then to all free inhabitants of the 00:16:15.391 --> 00:16:17.230 empire, in the case of the second inscription. 00:16:17.850 --> 00:16:22.190 Therefore, the need to emphasize perhaps for that last inscription, the status of 00:16:22.191 --> 00:16:25.450 Roman and Alexandrian citizens may highlight these elites' efforts to 00:16:25.451 --> 00:16:29.250 distinguish themselves from the rest of the citizens, either because they had 00:16:29.251 --> 00:16:32.590 received citizenship before the edict, based on other merits, or because the 00:16:32.591 --> 00:16:34.810 edict's implementation had not been entirely effective. 00:16:35.110 --> 00:16:38.550 Or maybe they were just following the typical protocol. 00:16:39.630 --> 00:16:45.070 Some of these columns have been deliberately erased, especially those 00:16:45.071 --> 00:16:49.250 dedicated to Caracalla, which could have something to do with the massacre that he 00:16:49.251 --> 00:16:51.950 carried out in Alexandria, according to Herodian. 00:16:52.510 --> 00:16:56.930 We also find the inscriptions dedicated in Latin by members of the army, veterans, 00:16:57.130 --> 00:17:02.310 centurions, decurions, and soldiers, in which these dedications are always 00:17:02.311 --> 00:17:06.310 collective, listing the names of all the soldiers belonging to one specific unit. 00:17:06.550 --> 00:17:10.270 Worth noting was the reference to the castri signifer, who were the soldiers 00:17:10.271 --> 00:17:13.869 responsible for safeguarding the imperial's images and the army's insignia. 00:17:14.510 --> 00:17:19.030 And then this one is, maybe you will have an answer to this one, but one of the 00:17:19.031 --> 00:17:23.630 columns at Tirodo's Island was dedicated to Caracalla by the Romans, Alexandrians, 00:17:23.750 --> 00:17:29.130 and a group called the Antonine Aioi, which for the editors of the second might 00:17:29.131 --> 00:17:32.750 have been an association dedicated to the imperial cult, but we don't know. 00:17:33.290 --> 00:17:38.310 As for private use, which is also a tricky term in itself, one small statuette, 00:17:38.311 --> 00:17:41.930 made of turquoise, which is a very Egyptian local material, attributed to 00:17:41.931 --> 00:17:46.590 Tiberius, which is that one over there, was found at Canopus, which may point 00:17:46.591 --> 00:17:49.099 maybe to a private local use, or perhaps no, 00:17:49.100 --> 00:17:51.470 and it was the adornment of a priestly crown. 00:17:51.670 --> 00:17:52.670 So we cannot know. 00:17:54.670 --> 00:17:58.730 So some special, so some results, some special continuities, of course, 00:17:58.750 --> 00:18:01.670 regarding the location of royal and imperial statuary can be observed, 00:18:01.850 --> 00:18:05.320 which indicates some spaces associated to the ruler cult and 00:18:05.321 --> 00:18:07.770 imperial cult were maintained from one period to the other. 00:18:07.771 --> 00:18:11.030 For instance, the statues of the Ptolemies and the Roman emperors were erected at 00:18:11.031 --> 00:18:14.450 places surrounding Alexandria and the Great Harbour, namely Faros Island, 00:18:14.750 --> 00:18:18.330 the Royal Quarter, the Caesarean, the Serapion, and also Canopus. 00:18:19.110 --> 00:18:22.510 However, some discontinuities and innovations can be noticeable, 00:18:22.750 --> 00:18:25.650 such as the presence of statues at Nicopolis and Antirrhodos Island, 00:18:25.810 --> 00:18:27.793 and ultimately, the concentration of imperial 00:18:27.794 --> 00:18:30.090 statues in the area surrounding the Sebasteion. 00:18:30.770 --> 00:18:34.910 Perhaps the most symbolic shift is that of the dedicators, whereas we mostly lack 00:18:34.911 --> 00:18:38.270 evidence on who dedicated the statues of the Ptolemies in the area surrounding the 00:18:38.271 --> 00:18:42.770 harbours, it is likely that this was done, at least encouraged, by the royal family 00:18:42.771 --> 00:18:46.370 itself, since we know that they were in charge of promoting the dynastic cult and 00:18:46.371 --> 00:18:48.270 embellishing Alexandria with its sculptures. 00:18:48.730 --> 00:18:52.770 For other harbours with strong Egyptian elements such as temples like Canopus or 00:18:52.771 --> 00:18:56.410 Tannis, maybe priests could have erected them there with royal collaboration, 00:18:56.710 --> 00:18:57.626 but we cannot know. 00:18:57.650 --> 00:19:02.550 In the Roman period, we see a very diverse variety in opposition of people dedicating 00:19:02.551 --> 00:19:07.090 statues to the emperor, namely the elite, soldiers, and maybe private dedications 00:19:07.250 --> 00:19:08.106 and associations. 00:19:08.130 --> 00:19:11.830 This was probably due to the lack of imperial direct patronage within Egypt, 00:19:11.950 --> 00:19:14.700 but of course, this is all based on biased 00:19:14.701 --> 00:19:17.030 sources, so any conclusion would be misleading. 00:19:17.510 --> 00:19:19.539 Some individual initiatives from the rulers and 00:19:19.540 --> 00:19:22.150 turrets can perhaps be observed in both periods. 00:19:22.330 --> 00:19:26.590 We saw that Callicrates of Samos dedicated a temple to Arsinoe at Caesephaeron. 00:19:26.870 --> 00:19:31.770 Maybe Aristonicus also dedicated statues of the Ptolemies at Tannis, sorry, 00:19:31.890 --> 00:19:32.890 at Ravennaire. 00:19:34.130 --> 00:19:36.827 And for the Roman period, we find examples of statues 00:19:36.828 --> 00:19:39.790 dedicated by the prefect of Egypt in areas within harbors. 00:19:39.910 --> 00:19:43.910 This indicates a strong desire to establish a connection to the ruler or the 00:19:43.911 --> 00:19:45.922 emperor and emphasize the closeness of an 00:19:45.923 --> 00:19:48.130 individual to them as a mark of social prestige. 00:19:50.770 --> 00:19:55.330 But we find mostly group and collective dedications for the Roman periods. 00:19:55.610 --> 00:19:57.279 Like we might expect that maybe a statue is 00:19:57.280 --> 00:19:59.090 dedicated at Canopus after the Canopus decree. 00:19:59.430 --> 00:20:03.450 Priests of different Canopic temples may have dedicated statues to the Ptolemies 00:20:03.451 --> 00:20:05.270 there, but this is speculative, as I said. 00:20:05.430 --> 00:20:08.490 For the Roman period, most of the dedications at harbors were collective. 00:20:08.690 --> 00:20:12.410 Elite citizens in Alexandria came together to dedicate statues on Tirodo's island, 00:20:12.610 --> 00:20:15.130 symbolizing a shared effort to build a common identity. 00:20:15.650 --> 00:20:19.450 However, the emphasis on their kind of citizenship, be it Romans and or 00:20:19.451 --> 00:20:22.031 Alexandrian citizens, serves to stress a sign 00:20:22.032 --> 00:20:24.330 of a statue as opposed to other social groups. 00:20:24.830 --> 00:20:29.330 Likewise, imperial cults helped to create a common identity based on vertical and 00:20:29.331 --> 00:20:32.367 horizontal bonds between soldiers who came together 00:20:32.368 --> 00:20:34.810 to dedicate statues to the emperor they're commanding. 00:20:35.030 --> 00:20:39.170 Last but not least, some of these imperial statues were damaged or the name of the 00:20:39.171 --> 00:20:43.810 emperor was erased, which may have served as a way of expressing opposition or 00:20:43.811 --> 00:20:46.370 anti-imperial sentiments during moments of civil unrest. 00:20:46.590 --> 00:20:51.510 And I forgot to mention this, but also one of the colossal statues of the Ptolemies 00:20:51.511 --> 00:20:57.210 found at Thonis-Heracleion, a statue of a queen depicted as Isis, seems, 00:20:57.370 --> 00:20:59.890 according to Gordio, to have been also deliberately damaged. 00:21:00.090 --> 00:21:02.950 So it doesn't happen only in the Roman period. 00:21:03.670 --> 00:21:08.210 In conclusion, I think the location of these statues within harbors wanted to 00:21:08.211 --> 00:21:11.850 stress the symbolic, ideological, and religious importance of visibility. 00:21:12.350 --> 00:21:15.210 At harbors, the statues were located at highly visible places. 00:21:15.730 --> 00:21:19.570 Stanwyck, for example, sees here a continuity between the Ptolemies and Roman 00:21:19.571 --> 00:21:23.867 emperors when it came to erecting statues both at 00:21:23.868 --> 00:21:26.850 maritime and inland borders as well as temples. 00:21:26.990 --> 00:21:30.050 There is a connection, according to him, between temples and borders. 00:21:30.190 --> 00:21:33.530 For example, if pharaohs and the Ptolemies were depicted at the entrance of the 00:21:33.531 --> 00:21:38.290 pylons as fierce warriors that managed to keep chaos at bay, royal and imperial 00:21:38.291 --> 00:21:42.010 statues found at borders would also be an adaptation of this same motive. 00:21:42.450 --> 00:21:45.640 These statues stressed the apotropaic and 00:21:45.641 --> 00:21:49.030 protective role of the ruler no matter the century. 00:21:49.270 --> 00:21:52.092 The presence of the ruler or the emperor guaranteed safe 00:21:52.093 --> 00:21:54.890 travels to those who wished to leave or enter the country. 00:21:55.210 --> 00:21:58.275 And ultimately, his image was a deterrent reminder that 00:21:58.276 --> 00:22:00.890 he is the one to protect Egypt and to keep it safe. 00:22:01.510 --> 00:22:02.510 Thank you. 00:22:07.930 --> 00:22:13.150 Thank you so much, Esperanza, for your presentation. 00:22:13.630 --> 00:22:15.210 Any questions? 00:22:15.430 --> 00:22:16.430 Reflections? 00:22:18.730 --> 00:22:20.210 May I? 00:22:25.250 --> 00:22:33.250 Why doubt about Cleopatra's for which is quite surprising for me. 00:22:34.220 --> 00:22:38.110 Yeah, once the image 00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:46.060 that one over there. 00:22:46.200 --> 00:22:50.340 Yes, I mean, for me, it's clearly Augustus. 00:22:50.580 --> 00:22:51.940 It's clearly Augustus. 00:22:52.020 --> 00:22:58.240 But there is any reason to propose such a I don't know. 00:22:58.260 --> 00:23:01.160 It's Ashton the one to propose this identification. 00:23:01.480 --> 00:23:06.580 But to be sure, I'm not entirely sure why she proposed that, because I don't think 00:23:06.581 --> 00:23:09.231 we have any statues except for apparently this 00:23:09.232 --> 00:23:11.420 one of Cleopatra VII dressed with an emes. 00:23:11.480 --> 00:23:13.250 And if she's one of those, if she was meant to be 00:23:13.251 --> 00:23:16.340 a queen, she will be dressed in an Esaiac attire. 00:23:16.480 --> 00:23:19.887 Not that so I don't really understand the criteria 00:23:19.888 --> 00:23:22.700 she followed to say that she was Cleopatra VII. 00:23:23.260 --> 00:23:26.160 She always she only said this belongs to Cleopatra VII. 00:23:26.780 --> 00:23:28.000 And I don't remember. 00:23:28.160 --> 00:23:34.440 I will check it that up because I don't think she gave a very explanation. 00:23:34.620 --> 00:23:40.520 That's a problem actually always with statues anywhere that the identification 00:23:40.521 --> 00:23:48.080 of individuals tends to be I don't want to say arbitrary but it depends a lot of like 00:23:48.081 --> 00:23:51.575 artistic criteria that the the log of the head sometimes 00:23:51.576 --> 00:23:55.960 it's obvious like for example Hadrian or Augustus. 00:23:56.060 --> 00:23:59.435 But it's a very tricky topic but you're right in this 00:23:59.436 --> 00:24:02.800 case I think it's obvious that it could only be Augustus. 00:24:02.820 --> 00:24:04.020 It cannot be Cleopatra. 00:24:04.021 --> 00:24:09.040 It's not like she's doing I think this maybe also has to do with the idea that 00:24:10.780 --> 00:24:15.160 this historiographical artistic idea that some people thought that Cleopatra wanted 00:24:15.260 --> 00:24:23.260 to claim a kind of male counterpart so to speak but to be fair like the only queen 00:24:23.261 --> 00:24:25.307 that did that in pharaonic Egypt well in Egypt 00:24:25.308 --> 00:24:29.060 in general as long as I'm aware of is Hatshepsut. 00:24:29.920 --> 00:24:35.100 So I will you're you're completely right it doesn't make sense no no no because 00:24:35.101 --> 00:24:42.140 because you have exactly the opposite direction that I was looking for but 00:24:42.160 --> 00:24:50.160 indeed I don't think probably it's not Cleopatra why Cleopatra but for sure it's 00:24:50.161 --> 00:24:56.080 not an Augustus you don't think it's an Augustus well for sure in my opinion who 00:24:56.081 --> 00:25:00.860 do you think who do you think why who do you think who he is is it is it is it 00:25:05.660 --> 00:25:07.360 No, but that's very typical. 00:25:07.540 --> 00:25:11.340 You find statues of Augustus as a pharaoh all across Egypt. 00:25:11.740 --> 00:25:15.960 My question is, why do you think that it can't be the first? 00:25:16.340 --> 00:25:23.400 I think, if it were me, it could be maybe Ptolemy the Caesarian, perhaps, 00:25:23.620 --> 00:25:26.640 a Ptolemaic prince, because he looks really, really young. 00:25:29.380 --> 00:25:31.080 So maybe Ptolemy the Caesarian. 00:25:33.160 --> 00:25:34.300 It's very, very big. 00:25:34.420 --> 00:25:35.196 It's like huge. 00:25:35.220 --> 00:25:36.220 It's very, very big. 00:25:36.480 --> 00:25:37.176 I don't know. 00:25:37.200 --> 00:25:43.940 I'm not an expert, but there's a similar thing I have to say concerning Tiberius. 00:25:48.600 --> 00:25:52.500 I would say... 00:25:53.800 --> 00:25:54.800 Nermanegios? 00:25:55.460 --> 00:25:56.296 Nermanegios. 00:25:56.320 --> 00:25:56.536 Oh! 00:25:56.560 --> 00:25:56.620 Nermanegios. 00:25:56.621 --> 00:25:57.621 Caligula. 00:25:57.920 --> 00:25:58.920 Caligula! 00:25:59.800 --> 00:26:02.520 Yeah, it's from Nermanegios. 00:26:02.720 --> 00:26:03.720 I don't think so. 00:26:03.860 --> 00:26:07.720 Well, I'm here following the criteria of people who are specialised in... 00:26:07.721 --> 00:26:09.440 My approach is almost historical. 00:26:09.780 --> 00:26:16.460 But sometimes you find statues in Egypt that apparently belong to some emperors, 00:26:16.520 --> 00:26:20.120 and you find, like, this emperor is this emperor, and you don't see the emperor. 00:26:20.220 --> 00:26:23.700 Like, there is a famous... well, not a famous, but there is a statue of a 00:26:23.701 --> 00:26:26.540 man with a... Oh, I forgot the... 00:26:27.400 --> 00:26:28.520 The bear? 00:26:28.620 --> 00:26:28.976 A bear. 00:26:29.000 --> 00:26:31.500 And everyone thinks it's Hadrian because it has the bear. 00:26:31.580 --> 00:26:33.806 But you see, like, the character, the physiognomical 00:26:33.807 --> 00:26:37.100 characteristics of the statue, and it cannot be Hadrian. 00:26:38.200 --> 00:26:44.520 But there is always this debate that the way there were innovations, the quality of 00:26:44.521 --> 00:26:49.580 how sculptors tried to replicate the models from Rome. 00:26:49.900 --> 00:26:52.740 So, yeah, it's a very good point. 00:26:53.100 --> 00:26:53.360 Yeah. 00:26:53.361 --> 00:26:58.780 For example, there is a very famous statue made of basalt of Germanic... 00:26:58.781 --> 00:27:01.940 well, identified with Germanicus, with the paludamentum. 00:27:02.160 --> 00:27:04.580 And it's very similar to, like, the... 00:27:07.360 --> 00:27:08.360 the herb. 00:27:09.380 --> 00:27:14.420 Yeah, for example, when there are many... many authors that will say that a man... 00:27:14.421 --> 00:27:17.158 an emperor with a bear would be... could be 00:27:17.159 --> 00:27:21.820 Caracalla, Septimius Severus, Hadrian, so... This one. 00:27:22.800 --> 00:27:23.316 Yeah. 00:27:23.340 --> 00:27:26.800 No, and Caracalla is... you have many statues of Caracalla dressed as a pharaoh, 00:27:26.980 --> 00:27:27.980 which is interesting. 00:27:28.280 --> 00:27:30.040 And you can see, like, the brow. 00:27:30.200 --> 00:27:32.980 Like, the brow for me, it's clear that it's Caracalla. 00:27:33.580 --> 00:27:35.140 He's always angry, as they say. 00:27:35.280 --> 00:27:36.280 He's always angry. 00:27:37.100 --> 00:27:38.600 No, but it's a very good point. 00:27:41.340 --> 00:27:42.340 Very interesting. 00:27:42.640 --> 00:27:44.400 Very awkward point, so... 00:27:44.401 --> 00:27:46.700 No, no, but I appreciate it because that's... 00:27:46.701 --> 00:27:48.820 actually, that's one of the things that I... 00:27:48.821 --> 00:27:51.920 while writing my PhD, I always struggled with this by saying, okay, this 00:27:51.921 --> 00:27:57.160 identification criteria sometimes is so different that where it's really the... 00:27:57.800 --> 00:27:59.693 what... what is the criteria to determine that a 00:27:59.694 --> 00:28:03.240 statue belongs to a specific emperor, except... 00:28:03.241 --> 00:28:08.440 because, for example, there is a very famous statue from Karnak of Augustus. 00:28:09.500 --> 00:28:10.500 As an Egyptian. 00:28:10.620 --> 00:28:12.340 As an Egyptian, it's a very famous one. 00:28:12.480 --> 00:28:15.040 Look, it's a huge, colossal statue at the... yeah. 00:28:15.960 --> 00:28:17.900 And everyone says Augustus. 00:28:17.901 --> 00:28:20.660 But there is one author who says that it's Tiberius, so... 00:28:25.180 --> 00:28:25.836 Interesting. 00:28:25.860 --> 00:28:26.416 Yeah. 00:28:26.440 --> 00:28:27.440 All right. 00:28:27.740 --> 00:28:28.740 Some questions? 00:28:35.190 --> 00:28:36.190 Fine. 00:28:36.410 --> 00:28:37.286 Oops. 00:28:37.310 --> 00:28:38.310 Thank you. 00:28:39.290 --> 00:28:39.986 You? 00:28:40.010 --> 00:28:41.010 Yeah. 00:28:45.790 --> 00:28:46.406 All right. 00:28:46.430 --> 00:28:47.630 Hopefully, I have convinced... 00:28:47.730 --> 00:28:49.010 Hopefully, I have convinced him. 00:28:49.150 --> 00:28:50.150 Very good.